Lithium Americas Stock Forecast 2025: The burgeoning electric vehicle market is driving unprecedented demand for lithium, and the Americas are poised to play a significant role in meeting this demand. This forecast examines the projected growth of lithium production in North, Central, and South America, analyzing key players, market drivers, and potential challenges. We delve into price projections, environmental considerations, and investment opportunities, providing a comprehensive overview of this dynamic and rapidly evolving sector.
This analysis considers various factors influencing the lithium market, including extraction methods, geopolitical landscapes, government regulations, and technological advancements. We aim to provide a balanced perspective, acknowledging both the potential for substantial returns and the inherent risks associated with investing in this volatile market.
Market Overview
The lithium market in the Americas is experiencing significant growth, driven by the burgeoning global demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage solutions. This surge in demand is placing the region at the forefront of lithium production, though challenges related to resource extraction, environmental concerns, and geopolitical complexities remain. This section will examine the current state of lithium production across North, Central, and South America, analyzing production methods, environmental impacts, and geopolitical influences.
Lithium Production in the Americas: A Regional Overview
Currently, South America dominates lithium production in the Americas, particularly Argentina, Chile, and Bolivia, which collectively hold the world’s largest known reserves of lithium. These countries primarily utilize brine extraction, a method involving the evaporation of saltwater brines to extract lithium carbonate or lithium hydroxide. North America, while possessing significant lithium resources, particularly in hard-rock deposits in Nevada and Canada, is currently producing at a lower volume compared to its southern counterparts.
Central America’s contribution to lithium production remains relatively small at present. Projected growth indicates a substantial increase in production across the region, particularly in Argentina and Chile, driven by ongoing and planned mine expansions and new projects. However, the pace of development will depend on factors such as investment levels, regulatory approvals, and global market conditions. For example, Argentina’s production is expected to increase significantly over the next few years due to several large-scale projects currently under development.
Comparison of Lithium Extraction Methods
The Americas employ both brine and hard-rock extraction methods for lithium. The choice of method depends on several factors including geology, resource characteristics, and economic considerations.
| Extraction Method | Cost | Environmental Impact | Production Volume |
|---|---|---|---|
| Brine Extraction | Generally lower initial capital costs, but longer production cycles and water usage concerns. | Significant water consumption, potential for brine leakage and contamination of groundwater, and land use impacts. | Currently dominates South American production; projected to increase significantly. |
| Hard Rock Extraction | Higher initial capital costs, but potentially faster production ramp-up. | Mining impacts including land disturbance, habitat loss, and potential for water and air pollution. Waste rock management is a key challenge. | Significant potential in North America; currently lower production volume than brine extraction. |
Geopolitical Factors Influencing Lithium Production
Geopolitical factors significantly influence lithium production and supply chains in the Americas. Competition for resources, trade policies, regulatory frameworks, and political stability in producing countries all play crucial roles. For instance, the increasing demand for lithium has led to heightened competition among countries for securing access to resources and attracting investment. Government regulations regarding environmental protection, resource extraction permits, and foreign investment also affect the pace of development.
Furthermore, political stability and social license to operate are crucial factors influencing project feasibility and timelines. The ongoing negotiations and agreements between lithium-producing countries and international companies highlight the complex interplay of geopolitical interests. For example, recent discussions regarding lithium resource nationalization in certain countries have raised concerns about investment security and supply chain reliability. These factors will likely continue to shape the future of lithium production in the Americas.
Major Players and Their Strategies
The lithium market in the Americas is experiencing a period of significant growth, driven by the increasing demand for electric vehicles and energy storage solutions. Several key players are vying for market share, employing diverse strategies to secure their position. Understanding their expansion plans and investment approaches is crucial for forecasting the market’s trajectory by 2025.The competitive landscape is dynamic, with established mining companies, emerging exploration firms, and technology developers all contributing to the industry’s evolution.
Strategic partnerships and mergers are also reshaping the industry, leading to a complex interplay of forces that will determine the market leaders in the coming years.
Leading Lithium Companies in the Americas
Several companies are prominent in the Americas’ lithium landscape. Their varying approaches to extraction, processing, and market access contribute to the market’s overall dynamism. Identifying these key players and analyzing their strategies is fundamental to predicting future market trends.
- Albemarle Corporation: A global leader in lithium production, Albemarle has significant operations in Chile and Argentina, focusing on brine extraction. Their strategy emphasizes expanding production capacity and developing downstream processing capabilities.
- Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile (SQM): Another major player with extensive brine operations in Chile, SQM is known for its vertically integrated business model, controlling significant portions of the lithium supply chain. Their strategy emphasizes technological innovation and sustainable practices.
- Livent Corporation: Livent is focused on lithium hydroxide production, primarily serving the battery industry. They have operations in Argentina and are actively expanding their production capacity to meet growing demand.
- Galaxy Resources Limited (now renamed as Allkem): With operations in Argentina, Galaxy Resources (Allkem) is expanding its production capabilities, aiming to become a significant lithium supplier to the global battery market. Their strategy emphasizes efficient production and cost optimization.
Expansion Plans and Investment Strategies (Projects Scheduled for Completion by 2025)
Many lithium companies have ambitious expansion plans underway. These projects, many slated for completion or significant progress by 2025, will significantly influence market supply and pricing. These investments reflect the companies’ confidence in the future demand for lithium.
- Albemarle: Albemarle is investing heavily in expanding its lithium hydroxide production capacity in both Chile and the United States. These projects aim to increase their output significantly, catering to the growing demand from the electric vehicle sector. For example, their expansion in Salar de Atacama, Chile, is expected to boost their production considerably.
- SQM: SQM is also undertaking expansion projects in Chile, focusing on increasing lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide production. Their investments are geared towards improving efficiency and lowering production costs. Their commitment to sustainable practices is also a key component of their strategy.
- Livent: Livent’s expansion plans primarily focus on increasing their lithium hydroxide production capacity in Argentina, aiming to strengthen their position in the supply chain for electric vehicle batteries. They are focusing on optimizing their processes for higher efficiency and output.
Potential Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures
Consolidation within the lithium industry is expected to continue. Mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures can lead to increased efficiency, improved access to resources, and the development of new technologies. Such strategic moves will significantly reshape the market landscape.The potential for such activity is high given the strategic importance of lithium and the significant capital investments required for expansion.
While specific deals are difficult to predict, it’s reasonable to expect continued consolidation as companies seek to enhance their market positions and gain access to critical resources and technologies. Examples of past mergers and acquisitions in the mining industry provide a precedent for such activity in the lithium sector. For example, the merger of Galaxy Resources and Orocobre to form Allkem illustrates the consolidation trend.
Demand Projections and Market Drivers: Lithium Americas Stock Forecast 2025
The global lithium market is experiencing explosive growth, primarily fueled by the burgeoning electric vehicle (EV) sector. Accurately forecasting lithium demand requires considering various factors, including EV adoption rates, technological advancements in battery chemistry, and government policies aimed at promoting clean energy. This section will analyze projected lithium demand by 2025, focusing on the EV market’s contribution, the influence of governmental support, and potential disruptions that could impact the overall demand.
By 2025, global lithium demand is projected to significantly surpass current levels. While precise figures vary depending on the source and underlying assumptions, several reputable market research firms predict a substantial increase. For example, a conservative estimate suggests a doubling of demand compared to 2023 levels, driven largely by the accelerating adoption of electric vehicles. This increase reflects not only the expanding global EV market but also the increasing battery capacity within individual vehicles, leading to a higher lithium content per vehicle.
The substantial increase in EV sales in major markets such as China, Europe, and North America is a key driver of this projected demand growth.
Electric Vehicle Market’s Contribution to Lithium Demand
The electric vehicle (EV) sector is the dominant force driving global lithium demand. The lithium-ion batteries powering EVs are the primary consumer of lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide, the two most common forms of lithium used in battery production. As EV sales continue their upward trajectory, so too will the demand for lithium. This growth is further amplified by the increasing range and performance of EV batteries, necessitating larger battery packs and, consequently, more lithium.
For instance, the shift towards larger battery packs in high-performance EVs and long-range models directly contributes to increased lithium demand. The expansion of the EV charging infrastructure and the ongoing development of battery swapping technology are also contributing factors, although their impact is less direct.
Predicting the Lithium Americas stock forecast for 2025 involves considering various factors, including global demand and production capabilities. However, individual investment strategies also play a role; for instance, understanding your financial planning might involve checking the fsa contribution limits for 2025 to allocate funds effectively. Ultimately, the Lithium Americas stock forecast for 2025 remains subject to market volatility and unforeseen circumstances.
Government Policies and Incentives Impacting Lithium Demand in the Americas
Government policies and incentives play a significant role in shaping lithium demand within the Americas. Both the United States and several South American countries are implementing policies aimed at boosting domestic EV adoption and supporting the development of their lithium industries. Tax credits for EV purchases, subsidies for battery manufacturing, and investments in lithium mining and processing infrastructure are all examples of these supportive measures.
These incentives, by lowering the cost of EVs and facilitating domestic lithium production, stimulate demand for lithium within the region. For example, the US Inflation Reduction Act includes significant tax credits for domestically produced EVs and batteries, thereby indirectly boosting lithium demand within the United States. Similar initiatives in countries like Chile and Argentina are aimed at strengthening their positions in the global lithium supply chain.
Predicting the Lithium Americas stock forecast for 2025 involves considering several market factors. The demand for lithium, a key component in electric vehicle batteries, is expected to remain robust. Interestingly, this burgeoning EV market might even influence seemingly unrelated luxury sectors, such as the availability of high-end vehicles like the 2025 Lamborghini Urus for sale , which could be impacted by the price of lithium-ion batteries.
Ultimately, the future performance of Lithium Americas stock hinges on consistent supply and the continuing growth of the electric vehicle industry.
Potential Disruptions and Challenges Affecting Lithium Demand
Several factors could potentially disrupt or challenge projected lithium demand. One key concern is the potential for raw material shortages. Lithium mining is a complex and geographically concentrated process, and bottlenecks in supply could constrain battery production and, consequently, EV manufacturing. Technological advancements in battery chemistry, such as the development of solid-state batteries or alternative battery technologies, could also impact lithium demand.
Predicting the Lithium Americas stock forecast for 2025 involves considering various market factors. One might even find themselves considering seemingly unrelated aspects, such as the anticipated popularity of motorcycle modifications like the 2025 Indian Scout Bobber exhaust , which reflects broader consumer spending trends that could indirectly influence lithium demand. Ultimately, the Lithium Americas forecast will depend on a complex interplay of global economic conditions and technological advancements.
If these alternative technologies prove viable and cost-effective, they could reduce or even displace the need for lithium-ion batteries in the long term. Finally, economic downturns or changes in consumer preferences could also affect EV sales and, by extension, lithium demand. For example, a significant global recession could lead to a decrease in consumer spending on EVs, thus impacting lithium demand.
Price Forecasting and Market Volatility
Predicting lithium prices in the Americas for 2025 requires considering various intertwined factors, including supply chain dynamics, geopolitical events, and technological advancements. While precise figures remain elusive, a reasonable forecast can be constructed by analyzing current trends and making informed assumptions. Market volatility, a defining characteristic of the lithium sector, significantly impacts these projections.
Several factors contribute to the inherent volatility of lithium prices. Supply chain disruptions, stemming from resource scarcity, geopolitical instability, and processing bottlenecks, often lead to price spikes. Conversely, periods of oversupply or reduced demand can cause significant price drops. Speculative trading, driven by both institutional investors and retail traders anticipating future price movements, further exacerbates these fluctuations. Furthermore, government policies, technological breakthroughs impacting battery production, and the overall economic climate all play a crucial role in shaping the market’s trajectory.
Projected Lithium Prices in the Americas for 2025, Lithium americas stock forecast 2025
The following table presents projected price ranges for lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide in the Americas for 2025. These projections are based on current market trends, anticipated production increases, and projected demand growth. It’s important to note that these are estimates and actual prices may vary significantly depending on the factors discussed above. For comparison, consider that in 2023, prices were significantly higher due to supply chain issues.
This projection anticipates some easing of those constraints, but still expects robust pricing due to ongoing demand.
| Compound | Optimistic Scenario (USD/tonne) | Moderate Scenario (USD/tonne) | Pessimistic Scenario (USD/tonne) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lithium Carbonate | 35,000 | 28,000 | 22,000 |
| Lithium Hydroxide | 40,000 | 32,000 | 25,000 |
Factors Contributing to Price Volatility
Several key factors contribute to the significant price volatility observed in the lithium market. These factors are interconnected and their influence can vary over time. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for accurate forecasting and risk management.
Supply chain constraints, including mining capacity limitations, processing bottlenecks, and transportation challenges, can severely restrict the supply of lithium, driving prices upward. Geopolitical instability in key lithium-producing regions can further disrupt supply chains and exacerbate price fluctuations. For instance, political instability in a major lithium-producing country could immediately affect global supply. Market speculation, fueled by investor sentiment and expectations of future demand, also plays a crucial role.
Periods of heightened speculation can lead to significant price swings, regardless of underlying supply and demand fundamentals. Finally, technological advancements impacting battery production and the overall economic climate influence demand and, consequently, pricing.
Scenario Analysis of Lithium Prices
To illustrate the potential price ranges under different market conditions, a scenario analysis is presented below. Each scenario considers a combination of factors affecting both supply and demand. These scenarios are not exhaustive, but they represent plausible outcomes based on current market dynamics.
Optimistic Scenario: This scenario assumes sustained high demand driven by robust electric vehicle (EV) sales and significant investments in renewable energy infrastructure. Simultaneously, it assumes a relatively smooth supply chain with efficient processing and transportation. This combination would lead to higher prices but with less volatility compared to the moderate scenario.
Moderate Scenario: This scenario represents a more balanced outlook, considering both potential increases in supply and fluctuations in demand. It anticipates some supply chain challenges and moderate investor sentiment. Price volatility is expected to remain relatively high under this scenario.
Pessimistic Scenario: This scenario assumes a slowdown in EV adoption, potentially due to economic factors or technological advancements in alternative energy storage solutions. Additionally, it assumes significant increases in lithium supply, exceeding demand, leading to lower prices and potentially increased price volatility as producers compete for market share.
Environmental and Social Considerations
The burgeoning lithium industry in the Americas, while crucial for the global transition to renewable energy, presents significant environmental and social challenges. The extraction and processing of lithium require substantial resources and generate considerable impacts, demanding careful consideration and proactive mitigation strategies. Balancing economic growth with environmental protection and social equity is paramount for the sustainable development of this vital sector.The environmental impact of lithium mining and processing is multifaceted and complex.
Predicting the Lithium Americas stock forecast for 2025 involves considering various factors, including global demand and production capabilities. However, planning around potential investment requires awareness of relevant timelines; for instance, checking the tamu calendar spring 2025 might be crucial if your investment strategy hinges on related events. Ultimately, the Lithium Americas stock forecast for 2025 remains speculative, dependent on market fluctuations and unforeseen circumstances.
Significant concerns exist regarding water consumption, land degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions. These impacts are particularly pronounced in arid and semi-arid regions where many lithium deposits are located, exacerbating existing water scarcity issues. The extraction process often involves large volumes of water for brine extraction and processing, potentially depleting aquifers and impacting local ecosystems. Furthermore, land disturbance associated with mining activities leads to habitat loss, soil erosion, and biodiversity reduction.
The production of lithium carbonate, a crucial step in the processing chain, also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, potentially undermining efforts to reduce carbon footprints.
Water Usage and Land Degradation in Lithium Mining
Lithium extraction, especially from brine sources, is extremely water-intensive. For example, the Salar de Atacama in Chile, a major lithium-producing region, has seen significant reductions in water levels due to lithium mining operations. This has led to concerns about the long-term sustainability of the ecosystem and the potential for irreversible environmental damage. Land degradation, including habitat destruction and soil erosion, is another significant concern.
Mining activities often involve large-scale land clearing and excavation, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and disruption of natural hydrological processes. The potential for soil contamination from chemicals used in the extraction and processing of lithium also poses a long-term threat to land use and agricultural productivity. Remediation efforts are crucial to mitigate these impacts and restore affected areas.
Social and Community Impacts of Lithium Mining
The social and community impacts of lithium mining can be profound and far-reaching. The development of mining projects often leads to the displacement of indigenous communities and local populations from their traditional lands and livelihoods. Conflicts over resource access and benefit-sharing are common, particularly where indigenous rights and traditional land use practices are not adequately considered in project planning and implementation.
Furthermore, the influx of workers into mining areas can strain existing infrastructure and social services, leading to increased pressure on housing, healthcare, and education systems. Ensuring that the benefits of lithium mining are fairly distributed and that local communities are meaningfully involved in project decision-making is essential to mitigate these negative social impacts.
Predicting the Lithium Americas stock forecast for 2025 involves considering various factors, including global demand and geopolitical stability. However, if you’re looking for a relaxing escape while you wait for the market to unfold, perhaps planning a luxurious Rhine River cruise is in order; check out the options available for best rhine river cruises 2025 to unwind.
Returning to the financial sphere, the long-term prospects for Lithium Americas remain a key area of interest for investors.
Sustainability Initiatives in the Lithium Industry
Several lithium companies in the Americas are actively pursuing sustainability initiatives to minimize their environmental and social footprint. These initiatives include implementing water-efficient extraction technologies, exploring alternative extraction methods that reduce water usage, and investing in land reclamation and biodiversity restoration programs. Furthermore, many companies are engaging in community consultation and benefit-sharing agreements to ensure that local communities are actively involved in project development and benefit from the economic opportunities created by lithium mining.
Some companies are also exploring the use of renewable energy sources to power their operations, reducing their carbon footprint and minimizing their contribution to climate change. Examples include the implementation of solar power at lithium processing facilities and the exploration of geothermal energy sources in areas with high geothermal potential. These initiatives, while still evolving, represent important steps towards a more sustainable lithium industry in the Americas.
Technological Advancements and Innovation
The lithium market’s trajectory to 2025 hinges significantly on technological advancements impacting extraction, processing, and battery technology. Innovations aimed at improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enhancing sustainability will be crucial in shaping the market landscape. These advancements will not only affect the supply chain but also influence the demand for lithium through the development of superior battery chemistries.Technological advancements are driving efficiency gains across the lithium value chain, from extraction to battery production and recycling.
These improvements will directly impact the cost of lithium and lithium-ion batteries, influencing both supply and demand. The interplay between these advancements and market dynamics will ultimately determine the price of lithium and the overall market size by 2025.
Lithium Extraction Innovations
Several innovative technologies are streamlining lithium extraction processes, aiming for increased efficiency and reduced environmental impact. Direct lithium extraction (DLE) methods, for example, offer a more environmentally friendly alternative to traditional evaporation ponds, which require vast amounts of water and land. Companies like Lilac Solutions are pioneering DLE technologies using ion-exchange membranes to selectively extract lithium from brine, significantly reducing the environmental footprint and potentially lowering production costs.
This technology holds the potential to unlock previously inaccessible lithium resources and accelerate the transition to more sustainable lithium production. Furthermore, advancements in exploration techniques, including the use of advanced sensors and data analytics, are improving the identification and characterization of lithium deposits, leading to more efficient resource utilization.
Lithium Processing Advancements
The processing of lithium ore into battery-grade lithium compounds is also undergoing significant technological upgrades. Improvements in refining techniques are resulting in higher purity lithium products, which are crucial for high-performance batteries. Furthermore, the development of more energy-efficient and cost-effective processes is reducing the overall cost of lithium processing, making it more competitive. For example, innovations in hydrometallurgical processes are minimizing energy consumption and waste generation, contributing to a more sustainable lithium supply chain.
These advancements will translate into lower production costs and potentially higher profit margins for lithium producers.
Battery Technology Advancements
Beyond extraction and processing, innovations in battery technology itself are profoundly influencing lithium demand. The development of solid-state batteries, for instance, promises higher energy density, faster charging times, and enhanced safety compared to traditional lithium-ion batteries. While still in their developmental stages, their potential to revolutionize the electric vehicle (EV) and energy storage sectors is significant. This could lead to a substantial increase in lithium demand, as solid-state batteries may require different lithium compounds or higher overall lithium content.
Furthermore, advancements in battery management systems (BMS) are optimizing battery performance and lifespan, extending the operational life of lithium-ion batteries and potentially reducing the overall demand for replacement batteries. This, in turn, could influence the need for lithium recycling.
Lithium Battery Recycling and Reuse
The increasing adoption of electric vehicles and energy storage systems is leading to a growing need for sustainable lithium battery recycling and reuse. Recycling lithium-ion batteries not only recovers valuable materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel, but also reduces environmental concerns associated with battery waste. Several innovative recycling technologies are emerging, including hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical methods, each with its own advantages and disadvantages.
Companies like Redwood Materials are making significant strides in developing efficient and scalable battery recycling processes, potentially playing a crucial role in securing a sustainable supply of lithium for future battery production. The development of closed-loop systems, where battery materials are recovered and reused in new batteries, will further enhance resource efficiency and reduce the reliance on primary lithium extraction.
The success of these recycling initiatives will be vital in mitigating the environmental impact of the growing lithium-ion battery market.
Comparison of Battery Chemistries
Different battery chemistries exhibit varying lithium demands. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries, for example, require less lithium than nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) batteries. The choice of battery chemistry is influenced by factors such as energy density, cost, safety, and environmental impact. The growing adoption of LFP batteries in certain applications, particularly in the EV market, might lead to a slightly reduced demand for lithium compared to scenarios dominated by NCM batteries.
However, the overall growth in the electric vehicle and energy storage markets is likely to outweigh any reduction in per-battery lithium demand, resulting in an overall increase in lithium consumption regardless of the dominant battery chemistry. This emphasizes the need for sustainable and efficient lithium extraction and recycling practices.
Investment Opportunities and Risks
Investing in the lithium sector in the Americas presents a compelling blend of potential rewards and inherent risks. The burgeoning demand for lithium-ion batteries, driven by the global transition to electric vehicles and renewable energy storage, fuels significant growth opportunities. However, navigating this market requires a thorough understanding of the associated challenges, including volatile pricing, geopolitical complexities, and regulatory uncertainties.The lithium market’s attractiveness stems from its crucial role in the energy transition.
This creates opportunities across the entire value chain, from exploration and mining (upstream) to battery manufacturing and recycling (downstream). However, factors such as fluctuating lithium prices, potential supply chain disruptions, and environmental concerns introduce considerable risk. Understanding these opportunities and risks is crucial for making informed investment decisions.
Potential Investment Opportunities in the Lithium Sector
Several avenues exist for investors seeking exposure to the lithium market in the Americas. Upstream opportunities include investing in lithium mining companies directly through their equity, or indirectly through exchange-traded funds (ETFs) focused on the mining sector. Downstream opportunities involve investing in companies involved in lithium processing, battery manufacturing, or battery recycling. For example, an investor could consider companies involved in lithium extraction in Argentina’s Salar del Hombre Muerto, or those building battery gigafactories in the United States.
Another strategy could involve investing in companies developing innovative lithium extraction technologies, aiming to reduce costs and environmental impact.
Risks Associated with Investing in the Lithium Market
Investing in lithium carries inherent risks. Price volatility is a significant concern, as lithium prices have historically fluctuated significantly due to supply chain disruptions, changes in demand, and geopolitical events. Geopolitical instability, particularly in regions with significant lithium reserves, can disrupt production and supply chains. For instance, political uncertainty in a lithium-rich country could lead to production delays or export restrictions, impacting global supply and prices.
Regulatory uncertainty poses another risk, as governments worldwide are increasingly implementing regulations related to mining practices, environmental protection, and resource management. These regulations can impact project timelines and operating costs, potentially affecting profitability. Furthermore, environmental and social concerns surrounding lithium mining, including water usage and habitat destruction, can lead to project delays or even cancellations.
Investment Vehicles for the Lithium Market
Investors have several options for accessing the lithium market. Direct investment in lithium mining or battery manufacturing companies provides the potential for higher returns but also exposes investors to higher risk. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) and mutual funds offer diversified exposure to the lithium sector, mitigating some risk. These funds typically hold a basket of lithium-related companies, providing broader market participation.
Another option is investing in companies developing innovative lithium extraction technologies or recycling solutions. These investments may offer higher risk but also potentially higher rewards, particularly if the technology proves successful and gains market adoption. Finally, private equity and venture capital funds can provide access to early-stage companies in the lithium sector, offering the potential for significant returns but also carrying higher risk.